ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МЕХАНИЧЕСКОГО ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ И СЕПАРАЦИИ СЕМЯН СОИ ПО ДЛИНЕ МОЛОТИЛКИ КОМБАЙНА ДВУХФАЗНОГО ОБМОЛОТА

Soybean grain is a solid, elastoplastic inhomogeneous body containing a number of organic and inorganic substances.

The grain is covered with a dense peel (seed shell) protecting its inner part. Soybean shell makes up 7% of the total grain weight and consists of three layers: palisade, hypoderm and nutrient tissue

When creating new working elements of transportation devices, it is necessary to select the material, operating modes, process gaps, curvature of the working element and other indicators of each structural element. In order to do that, without the risk of grain destruction or change in shape, these working elements resist the action of external forces transmitted to it from parts of the structure and the mass of the moved grain and during the power interaction of seeds with the working elements of threshing and transporting devices, the grain should not be overloaded above its natural strength limits. Failure to comply with this requirement leads to local or general destruction of seeds – their micro damage and crushing

When harvesting, soybean grain and its components – cotyledons, peel and embryo perceive external loads and transmit their action to each other. There are concentrated and distributed forces. Concentrated forces are the pressure transmitted to the soybean grain through a site whose dimensions are very small with respect to the whole grain. In calculations, due to the smallness of the pressure transmitting platform, the concentrated force will be applied at a point.

Figure 1 - Soybean grain

Note: 1 – cotyledons, 2 – seed shell, 3 – embryo, l – length, b – width, a – soybean thickness

DOI:10.23649/JAE.2023.32.5.1

Deformations are separated: elastic and residual. Elastic deformations are formed until the amount of external forces from the working members of the threshing and transporting devices exceeds the known limit at which grain is destroyed.

From the action of the edge of the screw due to the friction force and the force of its own weight, the grain, in contact with the screw, receives a rotational motion pulse. Due to this, in a pinched state, it is rolled over the casing from the thickness position to the position of its width or length, but at the same time remaining in a gap of a certain size equal to the grain thickness. When compressed with the rolling of soybean grain in the screw, it will experience pressure from the screw and casing.

When the soybean grain is pinched between the screw and the casing in the moving screw, the resulting pressure on the soybean grain from the side of the screw according to the theory of contact stresses exceeds the elasticity of the grain by about 50 times or more, so the soybean grain is intensively destroyed.

The condition of soy grain pinching in the screw conveyor can be considered using fig. 2. If for some moment the grain in the trapped state is stationary in the gap relative to the screw and the casing, the sum of projections of forces

[4]

acting on the grain on the axis of OC, OC, OZ should be zero.

Figure 2 - Forces acting on soybean grain in a screw conveyor

DOI:10.23649/JAE.2023.32.5.2

The screw has an active injuring element – the edge of the screw.

Resultants studies have shown that in a horizontal screw with an increase in the gap, between the screw and the casing from 1,0 to 7,0 mm, the amount of damage to soybean grain increases and reaches, according to theoretical data, up to 2,9-3,0% at Dsh = 0,16 m, and almost up to 3,8-4,0%. from the screw capacity. Further increase of gap between casing and  screw up to 10-11 mm leads to decrease of soybean grain damage

[6]

,

[7]

. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that as the gap increases, the tightening and entry of grain into the pinch decreases and the amount of grain destruction decreases.

Figure 3 - Change in value of damage to soybean grain by horizontal screw depending on gap between screw and casing

Note: 1 – theoretical data, 2 – experimental steel screw data, 3 – data by experimental polyethylene screw

DOI:10.23649/JAE.2023.32.5.3

From the conducted analysis of the literature, both domestic and foreign authors at the moment, the following conclusions can be drawn:

the working elements of the combine do not equally effect the grain in the process of breaking its connection with the flaps of beans and damage it (table 2).

Analyzing the work on damage to soybean seeds, the working organs on the power activity of the effect are divided into two groups:

a) working bodies performing grain extraction from straw heap;

b) working bodies that separate grain from grain heap and transport it.

Studying this, it can be assumed that the first group accounts for more than 59% of the damaged grain to the total amount of damaged. That is, in terms of the amount of damaged grain, the group of units of the threshing-separation device combine is in the first place, and from this it follows that its structural and technological reassessment is an urgent task.

1. Theoretical data;

2. Experimental steel screw;

3. With an experimental polyethylene screw.

The analytical relationship shows that with an increase in the unit volume of the portions of soybean grain transferred, the amount of damage decreases, so it is rational to use large diameter screws in screw conveyors, while slightly reducing the speed of grain movement.

The obtained dependence made it possible to compile a nomogram, using which it is possible to determine the value of the rational gap between the screw and the casing when moving seeds of different thicknesses.The productivity of damage to soybean grain by the screw conveyor is influenced by the angle of inclination of the screw axis to the θ horizontal, the radius of the screw r, the lifting angle of the screw line of the screw conveyor α, the angular speed of the ω0, the coefficients of grain friction against the materials of the working elements f1 and f2, the value of the gap Z between the screw and the screw casing

[2]

.

Figure 4 - Nomogram for determining the amount of damage to soybean grain in the screw depending on the gap between the screw and the casing, diameter, length and speed of rotation

Note: θ – the angle of inclination of the screw axis to the horizontal, r – screw radius, α – helical conveyor helical line lifting angle, ω0 – angular velocity, f1 и f2 – friction coefficients of grain against materials of working elements, Z – the size of the gap between the screw and the screw casing

DOI:10.23649/JAE.2023.32.5.6

The use of a softer elastic polyethylene having a lower coefficient of friction as a structural member of the screw will reduce the degree of tightening, pinching and mechanical damage to the soybean, but the likelihood of damage remains.

Theoretical studies have made it possible to establish that in cases where there is a gap between the conveyor casing and the outer edge of the screw in size larger than the grain size, then there should clearly be no pinching of unit grains. But when moving the grain mass, taking into account the adhesion forces between the grains, pinching is possible. An increase in the gap by any value even three times the size of the unit grain according to the data

[3]

,

[5]

,

[8]

,

[10]

does not completely exclude its pinching. Since a "passive layer" of grain (fig. 3, 4) and the gap is reduced again to the size of the seed, which in turn facilitates jamming between the active tool and the casing through the grains themselves.

Figure 5 - Passive layer of soybean grain remaining in a serial screw conveyor with a gap between the screw and the casing equal to 7-7,2 mm

DOI:10.23649/JAE.2023.32.5.7

The working elements of the scraper conveyor are scrapers. The movement of grain occurs due to drawing a portion by a scraper along the surface of the platform or chute, on which there are irregularities. The design of these working elements does not exclude the pinching of grain. At the scraper conveyor, the gap appears as a result of wear of the elastic rubberized part of the scraper. Besides, under action of forces of resistance to movement of soybeans, the scraper tends to deviate from perpendicular position towards movement of the traction member. When the scraper deflects by an angle, a condition is created for tightening the grain under the elastic rubberized scraper gasket. Due to friction forces, the soybean grain caught under the framing is dragged along the bottom and as a result experiences the framing pressure force associated with the weight of the scraper. As a result, the grain will be destroyed if its strength is lower than the total level of action of these forces.

Analyzing the obtained analytical dependencies, we can conclude from this that with an increase in the unit volume of portions of transported grain, the amount of damage decreases, therefore, it is rational to use volumetric scrapers in scraper conveyors according to the developed and obtained patents (No. 2004469, No. 2038995).

Among the wide variety of transporters for moving bulk loads, belt transporters are significantly common. Simple design, less energy consumption in comparison with other conveyors, absence of loading and pinching devices, with rational loading, unloading and movement of grain, it is possible to give preference to the use of a brush-belt conveyor, which can ensure the movement of the grain released in the combine during two-phase threshing of biologically full grain practically without mechanical damage.

It follows from the above that the desire to reduce grain damage during soybean harvesting in various ways does not lead to a solution to the problem of obtaining high-quality seeds, since their biological diversity was not taken into account. Therefore, the problem of reducing grain injury should be solved inextricably with the problem of isolating biologically valuable soybean seeds during its threshing.

1. The design of a prototype of a combine harvester based on the Yenisei 1200 with the separation of a composite heap from under the second threshing drum and its supply to the second half of the sieve mill by means of an additional finishing board 1000 mm long ensures the separation of soybean seeds into the first (from under the I threshing drum) and the second (from under the II threshing drum) fraction in a ratio of 55:45%.

2. The objective of further studies of the pilot sample of the combine harvester is to optimize its operational parameters in terms of providing seed conditions for crushing the first fraction not more than 2,5% and for the second fraction for seed purity not less than 95%.